|
| combatant2 = | commander1 = | commander2 = | strength1 = Daily average of 2,090 including 821 Waffen-SS | strength2 = About 600〔 ŻOB and about 400 ŻZW fighters, plus a number of Polish fighters | casualties1 = At least 17 killed, 93 wounded (German figures) | casualties2 = About 13,000 killed, 56,885 deported, mostly civilians (German estimate) | notes = According to Stroop's unofficial account, 71,000 people in all were killed or deported. The 16 killed on the German side do not include Jewish forced collaborators. }} The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ((イディッシュ語:אױפֿשטאַנד אין װאַרשעװער געטאָ); (ポーランド語:powstanie w getcie warszawskim); ) was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance that arose within the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II, and which opposed Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining Ghetto population to Treblinka extermination camp. The uprising started on 19 April when the Ghetto refused to surrender to the police commander SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop, who then ordered the burning of the Ghetto, block by block, ending on 16 May. 13,000 Jews died, about half of them burnt alive or suffocated. German casualties are not known, but were not more than 300. It was the largest single revolt by Jews during World War II. ==Background== In 1939, German occupational authorities began to concentrate Poland's population of over three million Jews into a number of extremely crowded ghettos located in large Polish cities. The largest of these, the Warsaw Ghetto, concentrated approximately 300,000–400,000 people into a densely packed, 3.3 km² central area of Warsaw. Thousands of Jews died due to rampant disease and starvation under SS-und-Polizeiführer Odilo Globocnik and SS-Standartenführer Ludwig Hahn, even before the mass deportations from the Ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp began. The SS conducted many of the deportations during the operation code-named ''Grossaktion Warschau'', between 23 July and 21 September 1942. Just before the operation began, the German "Resettlement Commissioner" SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle called a meeting of the Ghetto Jewish Council Judenrat and informed its leader, Adam Czerniaków, that he would require 7,000 Jews a day〔Warsaw Ghetto Diaries: Hillel Seidman, pg. 58〕 for the "resettlement to the East".〔〔 Czerniaków committed suicide once he became aware of the true goal of the "resettlement" plan. Approximately 254,000–300,000 Ghetto residents met their deaths at Treblinka during the two-month-long operation. The ''Grossaktion'' was directed by SS-Oberführer Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg, the SS and police commander of the Warsaw area since 1941.〔 He was relieved of duty by SS-und-Polizeiführer Jürgen Stroop, sent to Warsaw by Heinrich Himmler on 17 April 1943.〔〔 Stroop took over from von Sammern-Frankenegg following the failure of the latter to pacify the Ghetto resistance.〔 When the deportations first began, members of the Jewish resistance movement met and decided not to fight the SS directives, believing that the Jews were being sent to labour camps and not to their deaths. By the end of 1942, Ghetto inhabitants learned that the deportations were part of an extermination process. Many of the remaining Jews decided to revolt.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising )〕 The first armed resistance in the ghetto occurred in January 1943.〔(Voices From the Inferno: Holocaust Survivors Describe the Last Months in the Warsaw Ghetto - January 1943: The First Armed Resistance in the Ghetto ) An online exhibition by Yad Vashem〕 On the 19th of April 1943, Passover eve, the Germans entered the ghetto. The remaining Jews knew that the Germans would murder them and they decided to resist to the last man.〔(Voices From the Inferno: Holocaust Survivors Describe the Last Months in the Warsaw Ghetto - January 1943: Fighters in the Warsaw Ghetto ) An online exhibition by Yad Vashem〕 While the uprising was underway, the Bermuda Conference was held from April 19–29, 1943 to discuss the current Jewish refugee problem.〔(„United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1943. General (1943)”, „Bermuda Conference to consider the refugee problem, April 19-28, 1943, and the implementation of certain of the conference recommendations”, s. 134-249 ).〕 Discussions included the question of Jewish refugees who had been liberated by Allied forces and those who still remained within German-occupied Europe.〔Fabrizio Calvi, "Pacte avec le diable, les États-Unis, la Shoah et les nazis", Albin Michel, 2005 ISBN 9782226155931〕〔(The Allies' Refugee Conference--A "Cruel Mockery" by Dr. Rafael Medoff )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Warsaw Ghetto Uprising」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|